Computer ethics (SIPP) notes relevant to South Africa

Social issues and Professional Practice in IT & Computing (formerly known as ‘computer ethics’ in our curriculum) increased in prominence in curriculum guidelines in recent years. Also, there is an increase in popular and scientific literature on computer ethics especially since Big Data, the popularisation of Artificial Intelligence, and now the 4th Industrial Revolution. Most of the articles and books are focussed on ethical and social issues where SIPP is taught mostly, being in ‘the West’.

It is taught elsewhere as well. For instance, since the early 2000s, the Computer Science Department at the University of Cape Town has taught it as part of a Masters in IT conversion course and as a block in a first-year computer science course. While initial material and lecture notes were reused from one of those universities in ‘the West’, over time, attempts have been made to localise it to some extent at least. For instance, South Africa has its own version of EU’s GDPR (the POPI Act), there is a South African IT organisation (IITPSA) with its code of conduct, and is the textbook case that illustrates the concept of leapfrogging with its wireless network (and perhaps also with the digital divide). In addition, some ‘aspects’ look different from a country that is classified as an emerging economy than for a high-income country; e.g., as patent protection and Silicon Valley’s data collection vs. potentially stifling emerging local tech companies and digital colonialism, respectively.

Updating lecture notes takes time, and so it is typically a multi-author effort carried out every few years, as it is in this case. Differently from the previous main update, is that, in line with teaching and with the times, the lecture notes are now publicly available for free on UCT’s “Open Educational Resources” site. It is with some hesitation, as it clearly does not have the quality of a textbook and we know of certain limitations that I would have liked to be better. Yet, I hope that it may be of some use already nonetheless, be it for people in the region or from ‘outside’ looking in.

I have contributed some sections as well, partially because I think it’s an interesting theme and partially because I have to teach it. I would have liked to add more, but time was running out (i.e., it’s a balancing act with other commitments, like research, teaching, and admin). With more time, the privacy chapter would have been updated better (e.g., also touching upon privacy in the context of the common practice of mobile phone sharing), emerging concepts would have been better integrated (e.g., digital colonialism, surveillance capitalism), some of the separate exercises could have been integrated, and so on and so forth. Alas, maybe a next time. (To any of my students reading this: some of these aspects are already integrated in the slides that are used in the CSC1016S lectures, which are running ahead in content compared to the written notes, and that is examinable content as well.)

More and better TDD for ontology authoring

Test-driven development (TDD) for ontology authoring [1] has received attention previously, including its accompanying tool TDDOnto [2] that was subsequently improved upon into the (also open source) TDDonto2 tool [3]. The TDDonto2 demo paper [3] did not contain the technical details about the new-and-improved algorithms and specification for TDD testing that we claimed it had. They are published just now in the International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, as the article entitled More Effective Ontology Authoring with Test-Driven Development and the TDDonto2 tool [4]. The better algorithms cover more OWL language features than the original v1 of the theory and tool and it includes a specification for TDD testing such that there is not just pass/fail/absent as test result, but specific outcomes of the TDD test that are more informative, like that the ontology will become incoherent if that axiom were to be added. Given that model, the general flow for a simple standard case of a single TDD test (though more axioms can be tested at once) is as follows:

simplified view of the extended TDD process (source: adapted from [4])

The elements in the figure that are coloured light grey are the steps covered by the specification for TDD testing, algorithms, and TDDonto2 tool that is introduced in the paper.

The paper’s title clearly also hints to another contribution: using TDDonto2 for ontology authoring is significantly more effective. It was compared against the commonly used (and test-last) Protégé interface, which showed that the participants completed a larger part of the task in less time and with fewer mistakes. It also requires fewer interactions (clicking and typing) in the interface, which we reported on in an earlier (longer) tech report [5].

screenshot of the outcome of running the four tests on the sample ontology, in TDDonto2

As usual with research, more can be done. This is especially with respect to the white boxes in the figure above, i.e., the other aspects that would contribute toward a complete TDD methodology for ontology development. One step that we have been working on, is the idea of turning competency questions into axioms for TDD, which now is doable from CQ to SPARQL-OWL query [6] (more about that later), a CNL that may contribute to the authoring [7], and trying to figure out the modelling styles more precisely [8], since they hamper automation of these first steps in the process to get those axioms into the TDD plugin in a user-friendly way.

 

References

[1] Keet, C.M., Lawrynowicz, A. Test-Driven Development of Ontologies. 13th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC’16). Springer LNCS vol. 9678, 642-657. 29 May – 2 June, 2016, Crete, Greece.

[2] Lawrynowicz, A., Keet, C.M. The TDDonto Tool for Test-Driven Development of DL Knowledge bases. 29th International Workshop on Description Logics (DL’16). April 22-25, Cape Town, South Africa. CEUR WS vol. 1577.

[3] Davies, K. Keet, C.M., Lawrynowicz, A. TDDonto2: A Test-Driven Development Plugin for arbitrary TBox and ABox axioms. The Semantic Web: ESWC 2017 Satellite Events, Blomqvist, E et al. (eds.). Springer LNCS vol 10577, 120-125. Portoroz, Slovenia, May 28 – June 2, 2017.

[4] Davies, K., Keet, C.M., Lawrynowicz, A. More Effective Ontology Authoring with Test-Driven Development and the TDDonto2 tool. International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, 2019, 28(7): 1950023.

[5] Keet, C.M., Davies, K., Lawrynowicz, A. More Effective Ontology Authoring with Test-Driven Development. Technical Report 1812.06015. December 2018

[6] Wisniewski, D., Potoniec, J., Lawrynowicz, A., Keet, C.M. Analysis of Ontology Competency Questions and their Formalisations in SPARQL-OWL. Journal of Web Semantics. (in print)

[7] Keet, C.M., Mahlaza, Z., Antia, M.-J. CLaRO: a Controlled Language for Authoring Competency Questions. 13th Metadata and Semantics Research Conference (MTSR’19). 28-31 Oct 2019, Rome, Italy. Springer CCIS. (in print)

[8] Fillottrani, P.R., Keet, C.M.. Dimensions Affecting Representation Styles in Ontologies. 1st Iberoamerican conference on Knowledge Graphs and Semantic Web (KGSWC’19). Springer CCIS vol. 1029, 186-200. 23-30 June 2019, Villa Clara, Cuba.